SEO
vBulletin Search Engine Optimization
| |||||||
| Register | FAQ | Members List | Calendar | Search | Today's Posts | Mark Forums Read |
03-20-2008, 12:41 PM
| ||||
| ||||
 comp.sys.hp.hpux FAQ Archive-name: hp/hpux-faq Version: 11.30.0802.00 Last-modified: 2008/02/25 Maintainer: Ian Springer URL: ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/faqs/hp/hpux-faq HTML-URL: http://www.faqs.org/faqs/hp/hpux-faq/ Revision-Frequency: rarely Posting-Frequency: every 10 days Disclaimer: Approval for *.answers is based on form, not content. Copyright: (c)2001-2008 Ian Springer comp.sys.hp.hpux FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) Subject: 1. INTRODUCTION Overview ======== This article contains the answers to Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) seen in the Usenet newsgroup comp.sys.hp.hpux. Issues may also be discussed in comp.sys.hp.apps, comp.sys.hp.misc, and comp.sys.hp.hardware. Discussion in this document centers around Hewlett-Packard computer systems running the HP-UX[R] operating system; the focus is on HP-UX 10.20, and later, running on HP9000 Series 700 workstations and HP9000 Series 800 servers, though some of the information presented may also apply to earlier versions of HP-UX, including HP-UX for Series 300, 400, 500, and 600 HP9000 machines. Previous versions of this FAQ contained some information specific to HP-UX 9.x and earlier; such information has been removed, as of version 11.11.0105 of the FAQ. This decision was made because HP-UX versions 10.00 and earlier have been officially classified as obsolete by HP, as well as to permit greater focus on the more current versions of HP-UX. The FAQ will be updated every other month or as the maintainer sees fit, and it will be posted on Usenet once a month. Copyright Notice ================ This FAQ is Copyright (c) 2001-2008, Ian Springer, all rights reserved. It may be freely redistributed in its entirety, provided that this copyright notice is not removed. It may not be sold for profit or incorporated in commercial documents without the written permission of the copyright holder. Permission is expressly granted for this document to be made available for file transfer from installations offering unrestricted anonymous file transfer on the Internet. This article is provided as is, without any express or implied warranty. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this FAQ, the maintainer and contributors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. The content of this FAQ does not represent the opinions of the maintainer's employer, contributors' employers, or the Hewlett- Packard Company. Format ====== This FAQ is written in "minimal digest format" as described at <http://www.faqs.org/faqs/faqs/minimal-digest-format/>. Unanswered Questions ==================== For other questions and answers not included in this FAQ, please search for the answer in the newsgroup archives at <http://groups.google.com/> Many times, what you want to know has been asked and answered many times before, and you will get your answer quicker searching through <http://groups.google.com/>. When searching, include the expression "group:comp.sys.hp.hpux" along with your keywords to narrow the search to only comp.sys.hp.hpux. If you are unable to find the answer to your question in the newsgroup archives, then go ahead and post your question to comp.sys.hp.hpux. Submitting Feedback =================== All feedback is appreciated. Submissions, corrections, comments, and complaints should be directed to Ian Springer <hpux DOT faq AT gmail DOT com>. ------------------------------ Subject: 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS 3. GENERAL INFORMATION 3.1 What does HP-UX stand for? 3.2 Where can I find a good overview of HP-UX? 3.3 What is the release history of HP-UX? 3.4 Where can I find definitions of various HP-UX terms? 3.5 What is HP's address and phone number? 3.6 How does HP-UX rank among other enterprise Unixes? 3.7 How does the Compaq merger affect the HP-UX roadmap? 4. RESOURCES 4.1 FAQs 4.1.1 Where can I get a copy of this FAQ file? 4.1.2 What other HP-UX-related FAQs exist? 4.2 Web Sites 4.2.1 HP Sites 4.2.1.1 What is the URL of HP's main web site? 4.2.1.2 Where can I browse HP documentation on the Web? 4.2.1.3 Where can I get support from HP on the Web? 4.2.1.4 Other HP Sites 4.2.2 Non-HP Sites 4.2.2.1 EnterpriseUnix.org 4.2.2.2 EPFL Support HP / HPLine 4.3 Newsgroups 4.3.1 List of Usenet newsgroups 4.3.2 HP's newsgroup policy 4.3.3 The ITRC HP-UX Forum 4.4 Mailing Lists 4.4.1 HPUX-Admin Mailing List 4.4.2 HP 9000 series 500 Mailing List 4.4.3 HPMINI-L Mailing List 4.5 Periodicals 4.5.1 hp-ux/usr 4.5.2 The HP Chronicle 4.6 Books 4.6.1 HP-UX 11.x Books 4.6.2 HP-UX 10.x Books 4.6.3 HP-UX 10.x/11.x Books 4.6.4 CDE Books 4.6.5 Books from HP 4.6.6 HP Product Manuals 4.7 Local Files 4.7.1 The HP-UX Reference Manual 4.7.2 /usr/share/doc 4.8 Conferences and Workshops 4.8.1 HP World Conference & Expo 4.8.2 InterWorks Conference 4.8.3 HP/Works Technical Workshops 4.9 Courses and Certifications 4.9.1 Courses offered by HP 4.10 Organizations 4.10.1 Organizations within the U.S. 4.10.1.1 Interex, The International Association of Hewlett-Packard Computing Professionals 4.10.1.2 InterWorks 4.10.2 Organizations outside the U.S. 4.10.2.1 Interex Netherlands HP User Group (AKA DutchWorks) 4.10.2.2 HP/Works 4.10.2.3 Japanese HP Computer Users Association 4.11 Third-Party Vendors 4.11.1 Hewlett-Packard Vendor Listing 5. SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION 5.1 Auditing and Security 5.1.1 How do group privileges work? 5.1.2 Why are mail files in /var/mail owned by 'daemon' instead of the recipient? 5.1.3 How can I restrict regular users from logging in at the console? 5.1.4 How can I disable non-root logins? 5.1.5 Where can I find a list of all patches corresponding to security advisories? 5.1.6 How can I protect my systems against SATAN? 5.1.7 What are the major differences between trusted and non-trusted systems? 5.1.8 How can I configure things like minimum password length, password history, and maximum simultaneous logins? 5.1.9 What is the sticky bit's purpose? 5.1.10 Does HP-UX have a /dev/random, /dev/urandom, or similar device? 5.1.11 How can I protect my system from viruses? 5.1.12 What information is available on configuring HP-UX for maximum security? 5.1.13 Does HP-UX support /etc/shadow like Solaris and Linux? 5.2 Backup and Recovery 5.2.1 Can I put more than one backup on DDS with fbackup? 5.2.2 How can I use dump with a DDS tape? 5.2.3 Why do cpio/tar/dump/pax all backup to tape painfully slowly? 5.2.4 What CD burning software is available? 5.3 Disks and File Systems 5.3.1 How can I enable long file names? 5.3.2 Is it possible to create a RAM disk? 5.3.3 What happened to DUX and context dependent files (CDFs)? 5.3.4 Why can't I use all of my swap space? 5.3.5 How can I determine which disk is the boot disk? 5.3.6 Why does pfs_mount fail with the message 'Not Owner' when I try to use it? 5.3.7 What's new with remote mounts and the automounter? 5.3.8 Why are CDROM filenames all UPPERCASE with ;1 attached? 5.3.9 How can I start the PFS daemons automatically at system startup? 5.3.10 Where can I get updated disktab entries for third-party disks? 5.3.11 How can I determine whether a disk is bootable? 5.3.12 How do I defragment my filesystems? 5.4 Display 5.4.1 How do I define a new terminal type? 5.4.2 How can I change the video mode on my workstation? 5.5 Kernel Configuration 5.5.1 How can I tell if I have a 32-bit or 64-bit kernel? 5.5.2 How do I determine if a system supports a 32 and/or 64-bit kernel? 5.5.3 Where can I find detailed documentation of the various kernel parameters? 5.6 Monitors, Diagnostics, and Performance 5.6.1 How can I look at what my system is doing? 5.6.2 What happened to the sysdiag command? 5.6.3 How can I improve overall system performance? 5.7 Networking and Communications 5.7.1 How can I change the order of hostname resolution? 5.7.2 How can I track network packets? 5.7.3 How to get the MAC address for a particular network interface? 5.7.4 Is there a Transport Level Interface (TLI) interface to TCP on HP-UX? 5.7.5 How do I disable IP Forwarding? 5.7.6 Why is ifconfig giving me errors when I try to configure my LAN? 5.7.7 How do I change the hostname, IP address, DNS Server, etc? 5.7.8 How do I determine the speed and duplexity of my network interface? 5.7.9 How do I display all active Internet (TCP and UDP) connections? 5.7.10 Can multiple IP addresses be configured on one interface? 5.7.11 How can I enable the LAN interface on a 700? 5.7.12 Where can I get STREAMS for HP-UX? 5.7.13 What version of BIND (named) comes with HP-UX? 5.7.14 What version of sendmail comes with HP-UX? 5.7.15 What version of NFS comes with HPUX? 5.7.16 What is the difference between automount and AutoFS? 5.7.17 Can I configure multiple network interfaces on the same subnet? 5.7.18 Does HP-UX come with a DHCP server? 5.7.19 Is there a port management tool / firewall for HP-UX? 5.8 Peripheral Devices 5.8.1 How do I use the floppy drive on my HP-UX workstation? 5.8.2 How can I format a floppy under HP-UX? 5.8.3 How can I get an Exabyte to work on an HP? 5.8.4 How can I get a stuck DDS tape out of the drive? 5.8.5 Do I need to terminate the internal SCSI on a 700? 5.8.6 How can I play audio CDs on an HP workstation's CD-ROM drive? 5.8.7 How can I set up /dev/audio to point to the external jack on a 700? 5.8.8 How can I configure the parallel port handshake on a 700? 5.8.9 What are the specs of the audio hardware on the 700 series? 5.8.10 Is there a trackball for the 700? 5.8.11 What keyboards and mice are compatible with HP9000 workstations? 5.8.12 How do I change the keyboard type (e.g. from UK to German or vice versa) after HP-UX is already installed? 5.8.13 How do I ascertain which device file corresponds to my CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive? 5.9 Printers and Plotters 5.9.1 What happened to lpr? 5.9.2 Why does lpstat report the printer down, even though it's not? 5.9.3 How can I turn off the LP banner page? 5.9.4 How can I print man pages without losing the formatting? 5.9.5 How can I view and print Postscript (.ps) files? 5.10 Process Management 5.10.1 How much memory can a process use? 5.10.2 Why do my processes keep dying at 64 MB memory usage? 5.10.3 How do I set per-process limits? 5.10.4 How can I tell what files, ports, etc.. a process has open? 5.10.5 How can I get the ps command to display more than 64 characters of process command lines? 5.11 Routine Tasks 5.11.1 How can I track log files and core files? 5.11.2 What's a good strategy for clearing /tmp and /var/tmp? 5.12 Software Management 5.12.1 General Software Management 5.12.1.1 Where can I find out more about Software Distributor (SD-UX)? 5.12.1.2 How can I tell what products have been loaded on my system? 5.12.1.3 How do I safely remove software from my system? 5.12.1.4 How is the unique node ID used for licensing determined? 5.12.1.5 What is Ignite-UX? 5.12.2 Patch Management 5.12.2.1 Where do I get HP-UX patches? 5.12.2.2 How can I list all installed patches? 5.12.2.3 How can I tell what patches are in the kernel? 5.12.2.4 How do I get rid of these old 10.x patches since I upgraded to 11.x? 5.12.2.5 How can I install multiple patches, without having to reboot more than once? 5.12.2.6 How do I configure swlist to not display superseded patches? 5.12.2.7 What is the naming convention used for HP-UX patch names? 5.12.2.8 Where can I get OpenView patches? 5.13 Time 5.13.1 How can I change the timezone? 5.13.2 How can I print yesterday's or tomorrow's date? 5.13.3 How can I convert a timestamp (seconds since the Epoch) to a date/time string? 5.13.4 What is the purpose of the 'timezone' and 'dst' kernel parameters? 5.14 Users and Groups 5.14.1 How can I tell if I need more than a 2-user license? 5.14.2 How can I set up group-based FTP access? 5.14.3 Has /etc/logingroup functionality changed in 11.x? 5.15 X-Windows and CDE 5.15.1 X Window System (X11) 5.15.1.1 Where can I get X11R6? 5.15.1.2 Where can I get the missing X11 header files? 5.15.1.3 How can I set up an HP-UX workstation as an X terminal? 5.15.1.4 How do I get a scroll bar on hpterms? 5.15.1.5 How can I change the title in my hpterm titlebar? 5.15.1.6 Why do my terminal windows keep going away by themselves? 5.15.1.7 How can I get console messages to go to an hpterm? 5.15.1.8 What's a good termcap entry for hpterm? 5.15.1.9 My screen is wedged. What should I do? 5.15.1.10 How can I get an X app to come up in an alternate workspace? 5.15.2 Common Desktop Environment (CDE) 5.15.2.1 What happened to VUE? 5.15.2.2 How do I start/stop/reset CDE (dtlogin)? 5.15.2.3 How can I enable/disable CDE (dtlogin)? 5.15.2.4 Why does id/groups not show secondary groups in dtterm/CDE? 5.15.2.5 How can I improve CDE's performance? 5.15.2.6 Is there a CDE FAQ? 5.15.2.7 When I log on to CDE, I want certain applications to automatically start. How can this be done ? 5.15.2.8 How do I get cut-n-paste to work correctly with CDE? 5.15.2.9 Why do NCD X-terminals hang when trying to connect via XDMCP to an HP-UX 10.20 host running CDE? 6. DEVELOPMENT 6.1 General 6.1.1 What threads support is provided? 6.1.2 What's the deal with _INCLUDE_xxxx_SOURCE? 6.1.3 Where can I find a list of all available system calls? 6.1.4 How can I tell if something was built debuggable? 6.1.5 Why is syslog() call not doing what i want it to? 6.1.6 How can I get C programs to automatically generate stack dumps? 6.1.7 HP C++ email discussion lists 6.1.8 HP-UX development email discussion lists 6.2 Compiling and Linking 6.2.1 Why is the default C compiler brain-dead? 6.2.2 How do I make Perl on HP-UX? 6.2.3 How do I deal with "too many defines"? 6.2.4 Why do I get "_builtin_va_start" undefined when I build with gcc? 6.2.5 Is there some kind of problem with using FLT_MIN in ANSI mode? 6.2.6 Why do I get the error "*Initialization*:1: missing token-sequence in `#assert'" when I compile with gcc? 6.2.7 How can I detect the HP-UX version at compile time? 6.3 Porting 6.3.1 Porting from an Earlier Release of HP-UX 6.3.2 Porting from Other Platforms (Solaris, AIX, etc..) 6.3.3 How do I know if binaries built on a one release of HP-UX are compatible with a different release of HP-UX? 6.4 Tools 6.4.1 Where can I get Interviews for HP-UX? 6.4.2 Is there a disassembler included with HP-UX? 7. APPS AND UTILS 7.1 Freeware 7.1.1 HP Freeware 7.1.1.1 Patches 7.1.1.2 Drivers 7.1.1.3 I heard there is a new ftpd available. Where do I get it? 7.1.1.4 HPRC FTP Site 7.1.1.5 GNOME 7.1.2 Non-HP Freeware 7.1.2.1 The Software Porting And Archive Centre for HP-UX 7.1.2.2 InterWorks FTP site 7.1.2.3 Netperf 7.1.2.4 SLIP and CSLIP 7.1.2.5 PPP 7.1.2.6 SMTP 7.1.2.7 POP and IMAP 7.1.2.8 Sudo 7.1.2.9 Ntalk 7.1.2.10 TTCP 7.1.2.11 Free SCSI utilities for HP-UX workstations 7.1.2.12 PSCREEN/uX 7.1.2.13 GNU software 7.1.2.14 Web browsers 7.1.2.15 Miscellaneous freeware 7.1.2.16 RealAudio Player 7.1.2.17 CD Burning Software 7.2 Shareware 7.3 Commercial Software 7.3.1 HP Commercial Software 7.3.1.1 Where can I find release histories for various HP software products? 7.3.1.2 Where can I find a list of all applications that are available for HP-UX? 7.3.2 Non-HP Commercial Software 7.3.2.1 Interex FastStart Toolbox 7.3.2.2 Is there anything remotely like the Apollo DM editor available? 8. MISCELLANEOUS 8.1 How can I find the HP-UX equivalent for a given Solaris/AIX/etc.. command? 8.2 What do I need to do to make my HP-UX system Year 2000 compliant? 8.3 How do I boot into single user mode? 8.4 How can I send mail to an MPE/iX HPDESK address? 8.5 How can I limit core files? 8.6 How do I disable the Caps Lock key? 8.7 Why does my Korn shell login hang? 8.8 How can I avoid those annoying copyright notices on login? 8.9 How can I turn off quota checking? 8.10 Why can't I start Aserver? 8.11 How can I get a daemon to successfully start from an rc script? 8.12 How do I convert the uname string to a model string? 8.13 Is Perl included with HP-UX? 8.14 Why can't I type an '@' character? 8.15 Why can't I get my machine into boot admin mode? 8.16 What happened to "less"? 8.17 What should go in my PATH and MANPATH environment variables? 8.18 Why does the 10.x/11.x cksum command produce a different checksum than the 9.x cksum command? 8.19 Can I run Linux on an HP9000 system? 8.20 Can I run *BSD on an HP9000 system? 8.21 What happened to /usr/local? What are these /usr/contrib and /opt directories? 8.22 Is it OK to change root's shell? 8.23 Why does HP-UX 10 generate copious "Sti_save" syslog messages? 8.24 How can I tell which kernel was booted? 8.25 What is the equivalent of ldd under HP-UX? 8.26 How do I configure a program to automatically start up or shutdown when the system starts up or shuts down? 8.27 How can I do regular expression matching? 8.28 How can I play MP3s? 8.29 How can I use audio on HP-UX 10.x/11.x without a network? 8.30 Is there a tool to trace system calls? 8.31 What OS capacity limits exist? 8.32 How can I determine how much RAM my system has? 8.33 What are the various revisions of PA-RISC? 8.34 How do I find the clock speed of my system's CPU(s)? 8.35 How can I view/print PDF files? 8.36 How do I read an SGI-written tar format DDS tape? 8.37 Is the Euro supported? 8.38 How can I view various Windows-format files (Word docs, Excel spreadsheets, etc..) on an HP-UX system? 8.39 How is the system load average, as reported by the uptime and top commands, calculated? 8.40 Where can I get HP9000 firmware updates? 8.41 Where can I look up HP part numbers? 8.42 How can I create a /dev/zero special file? 8.43 Why is tail's output truncated for large amounts of input? 8.44 What commands or scripts exist for gathering and summarizing system information? 8.45 How can I convert numbers from one base to another? 8.46 What are the machine ID and serial number used for? 8.47 How can I tell what commands SAM is executing under the hood? 8.48 How can I view a file in octal or hexadecimal? 8.49 How do I configure the kernel to write corefiles as core.<pid>? 8.50 How do I analyze a system crash dump? 8.51 Is HP-UX free for non-profit users (students, hobbyists, etc..)? 8.52 Where can I obtain a free HP-UX shell account? 8.53 How do I grep for an exact word as with "grep -w" in Linux? 9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9.1 Contributors 9.2 Trademarks ------------------------------ Subject: 3. GENERAL INFORMATION ------------------------------ Subject: 3.1 What does HP-UX stand for? Added: 04/16/01 HP-UX is short for Hewlett-Packard UNIX[R]. ------------------------------ Subject: 3.2 Where can I find a good overview of HP-UX? Updated: 08/23/01 For starters, there is the HP-UX homepage: o <http://unix.hp.com/> Also, check out the HP-UX page at OSdata.com: o <http://osdata.com/oses/hpux.htm> If you have an HP-UX 11.x system, read the introduction(9) manpage. It contains a lot of good background information. ------------------------------ Subject: 3.3 What is the release history of HP-UX? Updated: 05/17/07 Rel Date Major Features Introduced ================================================== ======================== 1.0 '83? 1.1 '83? 1.2 '83? 2.0 '83? 2.1 '84? 2.2 '84? 3.0 '84? 3.1 '85? 3.2 '85? 4.0 '85? 5.0 2H/85 5.05 '86? 5.1 '88 5.2 '89? 5.21 '89? 5.3 04/89 6.0 '89 6.0.1 '89 6.0.2 '89 6.1 '89 6.2 '89 6.3 '89 6.5 02/89 7.00 mid '90 Motif[R] 7.01 '89 7.02 '90 7.03 <08/89 7.04 '90 7.05 '90 7.06 '90 7.07 '90 7.08 '90 7.09 '90 8.00 01/91 8.01 '91 8.02 04/92 8.03 '91 8.04 '91 8.05 07/91 8.06 '92 8.07 '92 9.00 07/92 PA7100 support, POSIX[TM] shell, VUE 3.0, fastlinks, ioscan(1M), model(1) 9.01 '93 added hardware support 9.02 '93 added hardware support 9.03 '93 added hardware support, including support for floppy disks 9.04 11/93 added hardware support 9.05 11/93 added hardware support 9.06 '94 9.07 '94 Multi-Buffered-X, Single-Logical-Screen 9.08 '94 9.09 '94 9.10 03/95 10.x compatibility 10.00 03/95 SVR4 filesys layout, NFS, SD-UX, XNTP, traceroute(1M) 10.01 07/95 JFS(v2) 10.10 02/96 large filesys/physmem/dsize, NLS, SLVM, UNIX95, CDE(1.0), DHCP, perl(4) 10.20 08/96 JFSv3, large files/uids, MPC, RARP 10.30 08/97 kernel (POSIX) threads, NFS PV3, streams TCP/IP, ASE, PPP, Y2K compliance 11.00 11/97 64-bit OS, DLKM, iCOD, CDE 2.1 11.10 03/00 SCA, JFS 3.3, 128-CPU, AutoFS, new ftpd 11.11 11/00 OEs, SuperDome, IO board OLAR, dynamic tunables, TCP NFS, Linux APIs & ABIs, perl5, JRE(1.2.2.04), X11R6.2 11.20 06/01 IPF, BTL DLKM, kernel logging, VxVM 11.22 06/02 Itanium 2, MxN threads, 64-CPU, kernel config GUI, system inventory manager, IPv6, IPSec, CPU/RAM board OLAR 11.23 '05? PA & IPF, select Tru64 components, 128-CPU, limited self- healing & self-tuning 11.30 02/07 Virtual Server Environment (VSE); HP Serviceguard clustering enhancements; up to 100 million ZB storage; new hot-swap and online patching capabilities Hardware Processor HP-UX Platform Architecture Releases ================================================== ======================== Series 100 Motorola 680x0? n/a Series 200 Motorola 680x0 2.x, 5.1 Series 300 Motorola 680x0 6.x, 7.x, 8.0/01/05/07, 9.0/01/03/10 Series 400 Motorola 680x0 7.x, 8.0/01/05/07 Series 500 HP Focus 1.x, 5.x Series 600 HP PA-RISC 2.x, 3.x, 7.0, 8.0/02/06, 9.0/02/04 Series 700 HP PA-RISC 7.03/05/09, 8.0/01/05/07, 9.01/03/05/07/09, 10.x, 11.x Series 800 HP PA-RISC 1.x, 2.x, 3.x, 7.0, 8.0/02/06, 9.0/02/04, 10.x, 11.0/10/11/23, 11.30? Itanium Intel IPF 11.2x, 11.30 HP9000 Series 100 machines did not run HP-UX. They ran HPL, BASIC or Pascal. These languages were usually stored on disks and loaded from there, but you could also get the languages on plug-in ROM cards. Series 400 machines were basically HP9000/Apollo hybrids. The boot PROM contained support for two different modes - one for DomainOS (the native Apollo operating system) and one for HP-UX. Series 900 is the HP3000 family of business servers. These machines all run MPE/iX, not HP-UX. For more information on HP3000 and MPE/iX, see: o <http://www.3k.com/faq/hpfaqi.html> o <http://jazz.external.hp.com/> o <comp.sys.hp.mpe> s300 6.5 and s800 3.1 were both replaced by a supposedly converged HP-UX 7.0, but, in fact, there were significant differences, and not just because of the IO architectues. HP-UX releases <= 10.20 have been removed from the HP corporate price list (ie, they can no longer be purchased). HP-UX releases <= 10.00 have been classified as obsolete (ie, no longer supported by HP). 10.01/10/20 will be supported through June 30, 2003. HP-UX 10.30 was a limited release intended for early access for 32-bit kernel threads development and testing, prior to the release of HP-UX 11.00. For this reason, it was discontinued and obsoleted fairly soon after the release of 11.00. HP-UX 11.10 was a limited release and is supported only on V2500 SCA and V2600 SCA servers. Prior to the release of 11.11, 11.10 came preinstalled on these systems. It was never available separately. HP-UX 11.11 and later is marketed as "HP-UX 11i." The "i" stands for "Internet" and is meant to convey that the OS is Internet-ready. Here are the mappings from 11i versions to HP-UX versions as reported by uname: 11i version Uname version CPU arch. Description ================================================== ======================== 1.0 11.11 PA OE Release 1.5 11.20 IPF Itanium Release 1.6 11.22 IPF Consolidation Release 2.0 11.23 PA+IPF Independence Release 3.0 11.30 (PA+?)IPF Virtualization Release ------------------------------ Subject: 3.4 Where can I find definitions of various HP-UX terms? Added: 04/16/01 Refer to the glossary(9) manpage. ------------------------------ Subject: 3.5 What is HP's address and phone number? Updated: 10/09/01 The address of HP Corporate Offices is: Hewlett-Packard Company 3000 Hanover Street Palo Alto, CA 94304-1185 and the phone numbers are: o 650.857.1501 (8am-5pm PST) o Fax: 650.857.5518 For general product information call: o 800.752.0900 (6am-5pm PST) For information on ordering HP manuals and supplies, call Parts Direct Ordering toll-free in the United States at: o 800.227.8164 or visit the HP Parts homepage at: o <http://h20141.www2.hp.com/hpparts/> ------------------------------ Subject: 3.6 How does HP-UX rank among other enterprise Unixes? Added: 06/17/02 The latest D.H. Brown report entitled "2002 UNIX Function Review" ranks HP-UX 11i #1, over Solaris 8, AIX 5.1, and Tru64 5.1, in all five categories - reliability, availability and serviceability; Internet and Web application services; directory and security services; systems management; and scalability. The press release is at: o <http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2002/020530b.html> The report itself is available at: o <http://www.hp.ru/data/offline/category/0086/2002unix_report.pdf> ------------------------------ Subject: 3.7 How does the Compaq merger affect the HP-UX roadmap? Added: 06/17/02 HP and Compaq both offered UNIX operating systems: HP-UX and Compaq Tru64 UNIX. Decision: HP-UX will be the long-term UNIX for the new HP. Tru64 UNIX has some very advanced features -- including clustering and file systems -- and some of those will be integrated into HP-UX over time. Rationale: HP-UX has a much larger market share and installed base of customers. It also has much broader ISV support than Tru64 UNIX. ------------------------------ Subject: 4. RESOURCES ------------------------------ Subject: 4.1 FAQs ------------------------------ Subject: 4.1.1 Where can I get a copy of this FAQ file? Updated: 05/18/04 An ASCII text version of this FAQ is available at: o <ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/faqs/hp/hpux-faq> An HTML version of this FAQ is available at: o <http://www.faqs.org/faqs/hp/hpux-faq/> There is also a legacy version of this FAQ, which contains information on HP-UX 9.x and earlier. This is available at: o <http://www.geocities.com/ian_springer/hpux/legacy_hpux_faq.txt> (ASCII) o <http://www.geocities.com/ian_springer/hpux/legacy_hpux_faq.html> (HTML) Note, the legacy FAQ is no longer updated. It is archived for the benefit of those still running old versions of HP-UX. ------------------------------ Subject: 4.1.2 What other HP-UX-related FAQs exist? Updated: 11/10/03 There is a "Certified for HP-UX FAQ" that discusses the offical certification of 3rd part applications for HP-UX: o <http://www.keylabs.com/certified4hp-ux/hpux_faq.html> There is an HP3000 FAQ available at: o <http://www.3k.com/index_faq.html> CERN's IT department has assembled an HP-UX 10.0 FAQ, comprised of documents from HP ITRC: o <http://wwwpdp.web.cern.ch/wwwpdp/ose/file/hpux10/tree.html> There is an Ignite-UX (IUX) FAQ available from HP: o <http://www.docs.hp.com/en/IUX/faq.html> (HTML) o <mailto:[email protected]> (ASCII) There are a number of FAQs describing building and/or using various 3rd party products on HP-UX: o Building Mozilla on HP-UX FAQ: + <http://www.mozilla.org/unix/hpux.html> o SarCheck for HP-UX FAQ: + <http://www.sarcheck.com/hptech.htm> ------------------------------ Subject: 4.2 Web Sites ------------------------------ Subject: 4.2.1 HP Sites ------------------------------ Subject: 4.2.1.1 What is the URL of HP's main web site? Added: 04/10/01 There are several mirrors, spread across various continents: o U.S.: <http://www.hp.com/> o Europe: <http://www.europe.hp.com/> o Asia: <http://www.asia.hp.com/> Russia and Germany also have their own translated mirrors: o Russia: <http://www.hp.ru/> (in Russian) o Germany: <http://www.hewlett-packard.de/> (in German) ------------------------------ Subject: 4.2.1.2 Where can I browse HP documentation on the Web? Updated: 04/06/01 The HP Technical Documentation website is at <http://docs.hp.com/>. Here you can browse, search, and view the latest product documentation and technical information about HP 9000 hardware and software products, either by topic or release. Included are installation guides, user guides, reference manuals, manual pages, tools, training, technical white papers, and FAQ's for both 10.x and 11.x releases. Note, many of the documents on <http://docs.hp.com/> are also distributed as part of the HP-UX media set, on the CD entitled "HP-UX Instant Information." There are several other HP sites that provide documentation: o HP Developer's Resource: <http://devresource.hp.com/> o HP OpenView Homepage: <http://openview.hp.com/> ("support" section) ------------------------------ Subject: 4.2.1.3 Where can I get support from HP on the Web? Updated: 10/09/01 Go to the HP IT Resource Center (ITRC) web site; there are several mirrors: o America/Asia-Pacific <http://us.itrc.hp.com/> or Sites: <http://us-support.external.hp.com/> or <http://us-support2.external.hp.com/> or <http://us-support3.external.hp.com/> or <http://itresourcecenter.hp.com/> o European <http://europe.itrc.hp.com/> or Sites: <http://europe-support.external.hp.com/> or <http://europe-support2.external.hp.com/> or <http://www.itresourcecenter.hp.com/> or <http://www.itrc.hp.com/> or <http://itrc.hp.com/> NOTE: The America/Asia-Pacific ITRC sites do not share user registration data with the European ITRC sites. European support customers should register at and continue to use the European site, and Americas/Asia-Pacific support customers should register at and continue to use the Americas/Asia-Pacific site. The HP ITRC allows you to: o Resolve software problems by searching up-to-date support and problem- solving information, and by downloading the latest HP-UX patches o Browse news and current announcements o Subscribe to automatically receive the latest Hewlett-Packard support information o Log, track, and reply to non-urgent calls with the Response Center. HP's support offerings on the ITRC site are fairly extensive. Anyone can access the Patch Database, Support Information Digests, and certain portions of the Technical Knowledge Database. HP does require (free) registration to access anything on the ITRC. When you click on any of the links, it will ask you to either Enter as a Registered User, or Register Now. With a valid software agreement, you can also log non-urgent calls, and search more of the Technical Knowledge Database. You will also be able to access the Software Update Manager. With PSS or PAS level support, you are also able to access the Custom Patch Manager. If you do not have a software agreement, or you don't have the information for it, after you have registered and the ITRC has given you your userid, go back until you get the "Enter as a Registered User" choice again. (The only link on the page that gives you your userid tries to link you to a software agreement) The ITRC phone number for U.S. customers with support contracts is 800.633.3600. For a list of phone numbers for other countries see: o <http://www.hp.com/racksolutions/pduprog/us/eng/callcenters.html> ------------------------------ Subject: 4.2.1.4 Other HP Sites Added: 04/17/01 HP Software =========== HP Software Depot: o <http://software.hp.com/> HP OpenView Homepage: o <http://openview.hp.com/> HP Hardware =========== HP PartSurfer: o <http://partsurfer.hp.com/> HP Itanium[TM] Homepage: o <http://ia-64.hp.com/> General ======= Search All of HP: o <http://search.hp.com/> ------------------------------ Subject: 4.2.2 Non-HP Sites ------------------------------ Subject: 4.2.2.1 EnterpriseUnix.org Added: 01/22/03 EnterpriseUnix.org is a website for system administrators, developers, and enterprise managers, offering recent industry news, events, links, etc. related to the convergence of HP-UX and Tru64 UNIX running on the Itanium Processor Family. o <http://www.enterpriseunix.org/> or <http://www.hpunix.org/> ------------------------------ Subject: 4.2.2.2 EPFL Support HP / HPLine Added: 04/16/01 EPFL Support HP is a Swiss HP-UX Support Site that provides some useful information and links. Most of the site is in French, though some parts are in English. o <http://hpwww.epfl.ch/> ------------------------------ Subject: 4.3 Newsgroups ------------------------------ Subject: 4.3.1 List of HP-UX-related Usenet newsgroups Added: 04/19/01 ------------------------------ o <comp.sys.hp.hpux> newsgroup devoted to HP-UX o <comp.sys.hp.hardware> newsgroup devoted to HP hardware o <comp.sys.hp.apps> newsgroup devoted to HP applications o <japan.comp.hpux> HP-UX newsgroup for Japanese-speaking users o <pl.comp.os.hp-ux> HP-UX newsgroup for Polish-speaking users o <uvic.mlist.hpux-admin> Usenet gateway of the hpux-admin mailing list ------------------------------ Subject: 4.3.2 What is HP's involvement in the HP-related newsgroups? HP does not, to my knowledge, have a formal policy regarding employee involvement in the HP-related newsgroups. There is significant activity from HP employees, typically Response Center engineers and lab engineers. Much of the information in this document originally came from internal HP sources. ------------------------------ Subject: 4.3.3 The ITRC HP-UX Forum Updated: 01/23/03 The HP-UX Forum on the HP ITRC web site contains a wealth of useful information: o <http://forums.itrc.hp.com/cm/FamilyHome/0,,117,00.html> As with all ITRC pages, you must be registered on the ITRC in order to access it. ------------------------------ Subject: 4.4 Mailing Lists ------------------------------ Subject: 4.4.1 HPUX-Admin Mailing List Updated: 04/30/02 Bart Muyzer runs an HP-UX system administration mailing list. In short, the purpose of the mailing list is to discuss matters related to HP-UX System Administration. o Example topics: * Discussing debugging/problem solving * How do I port application this-and-this to HP-UX? * What patch(es) should I install to solve a problem? * Discussing the (un)desired effects of patches * HP-UX specific security issues o URLs: * <mailto:[email protected]> - To send a message to ALL MEMBERS of the list. * <mailto:[email protected]> (enter commands in body of message) - To subscribe to HP-UX Administrators Mailing List: subscribe hpux-admin [email_address] - To subscribe to the Digest of HP-UX Administrators Mailing List: subscribe hpux-admin-digest [email_address] - email_address is optional and, when left out, will be set to the contents of your "From: " line. - To retrieve the list charter: get hpux-admin hpux-admin-policy - To get a list of available commands: help * <http://www.dutchworks.nl/htbin/hpsysadmin/> - Browse & search the archives. * <ftp://ftp.dutchworks.nl/pub/digests/hpux-admin/> - Back issues are available in /pub/digests/hpux-admin/vNN.nMMM (where "NN" is the volume number, and "MMM" is the issue number). - The back issues are also available through majordomo's "get" command. Problems, questions, suggestions and the like should go to the address <mailto  [email protected]>------------------------------ Subject: 4.4.2 HP 9000 series 500 Mailing List There is a mailing list dedicated to the HP 9000 series 500 (HP Focus) machine. The purpose of the list is: o to provide help on porting software to this dated machine o to discuss the HP 9000 series 500 To get on (or off) the list, send email to <[email protected]> with the word subscribe (or unsubscribe) in the subject line. ------------------------------ Subject: 4.4.3 HPMINI-L Mailing List Updated: 05/18/04 The HPMINI-L Mailing List is dedicated to topics directly relating to Hewlett-Packard workstations, primarily those running HP-UX. The list homepage is: o <http://listserv.uark.edu/archives/hpmini-l.html> ------------------------------ Subject: 4.5 Periodicals ------------------------------ .... ------------------------------ Subject: 4.6 Books ------------------------------ Subject: 4.6.1 HP-UX 11.x Books "HP-UX 11i System Administration Handbook and Toolkit", with CD (Audio) by Marty Poniatowski, 03/01 ISBN: 0130600814 "HP-UX 11.x System Administration: How To Book", 2nd Edition by Marty Poniatowski, 12/18/98 ISBN: 0130125156 "The HP-UX 11.x System Administration Handbook and Toolkit" by Marty Poniatowski, 06/18/99 ISBN: 0130125148 ------------------------------ Subject: 4.6.2 HP-UX 10.x Books "Learning the HP-UX Operating System" by Marty Poniatowski, 07/18/96 ISBN: 0132585340 "HP-UX 10.X System Administration: How To Book" by Marty Poniatowski, 10/95 ISBN: 0131258737 ------------------------------ Subject: 4.6.3 HP-UX 10.x/11.x Books Updated: 04/01/01 "Disk and File Management Tasks on HP-UX" by Tom Madell, 10/96 ISBN: 013518861X HP-UX Tuning and Performance: Concept, Tools, and Methods By Robert F. Sauers and Peter S. Weygant, 06/99 ISBN: 0131027166 "Clusters for High Availability: A Primer of HP-UX Solutions", 2nd Edition by Peter S. Weygant, 04/11/01 ISBN: 0130893552 "HP-UX System and Administration Guide" by Jay Shah, 12/96 ISBN: 0070572771 ------------------------------ Subject: 4.6.4 CDE Books Updated: 04/02/01 "Configuring CDE: The Common Desktop Environment" by Charles Fernandez, 06/14/96 ISBN: 0131027247 "Common Desktop Environment 1.0: Advanced User's and System Administrator's Guide" by CDE Documentation Group, 07/95 ISBN: 020148952X "CDE and Motif: A Practical Primer" by Antonino N. Mione, 12/97 ISBN: 0137608284 ------------------------------ Subject: 4.6.5 Books from HP Added: 04/10/01 Prentice Hall PTR publishes books for technical professionals with the imprint Hewlett-Packard Professional Books. These books are generally written by HP employees, often the engineers who helped devlop the product(s) being discussed. For a list of all titles, go to: o <http://www.hp.com/hpbooks/> All of the books are available for purchase from Amazon.com (<http://books.amazon.com/>). ------------------------------ Subject: 4.6.6 HP Product Manuals Added: 04/10/01 On HP-UX 11.00 and earlier, refer to manuals(5) for a list of all HP-UX- related manuals, and the corresponding HP part numbers. ------------------------------ Subject: 4.7 Local Files ------------------------------ Subject: 4.7.1 The HP-UX Reference Manual Updated: 09/12/03 An online version of the HP-UX Reference Manual is installed as part of HP-UX. The HP-UX Reference is divided into eight major sections: o Section 1: User Commands o Section 1M: System Administration Commands o Section 2: System Calls o Section 3: Library Functions o Section 4: File Formats o Section 5: Miscellaneous o Section 7: Device Special Files o Section 9: Introduction and Glossary Sections are further divided into many individual entried called manual pages, or simply manpages. Manpages can be viewed using the man command. For more information on manpages, see man(1) - ie: $ man man On 11.x, also see introduction(9). Addtionally, hyperlinked HTML versions of the 10.x and 11.x reference manuals can be viewed online at: o http://docs.hp.com/en/hpuxman_pages.html ------------------------------ Subject: 4.7.2 /usr/share/doc Added: 04/17/01 On HP-UX 10.00 and later, the /usr/share/doc directory contains HP-UX release notes and technical whitepapers. Most of the documents are in ASCII text format. On 10.x, some of the documents are in PCL format. On 10.x and 11.00, several of the documents are in PostScript format. And on 11.11, a few of the documents are in PDF format. The text (.txt) files can be readily viewed using a variety of viewers (more, pg, vi, etc..). The PCL, PostScript, and PDF files are meant to be printed out, not viewed online. In order to view them online, you would need to install third-party applications such as GhostScript and GhostView. You would also need to have a graphical display and have an X server running. Hewlett Packard Printer Control Language (.pcl) files can be printed on any HP printer. If you have a non-HP printer, you can use GhostScript, or a number of other programs, to convert the PCL to PostScript. PostScript (.ps) files can be printed on any printer that supports PostScript However, it is not necessary to have a PostScript-compatible printer. There are public domain programs, for example, GhostScript, that can convert PostScript to other printer languages, such as PCL. To print Portable Document Format (.pdf) files, download and install Adobe[R] Acrobat[R] Reader (see question 8.35). Alternatively, you can use GhostScript to convert from PDF to PostScript or PCL. Now that you know how to view and print the documents, here is a listing of the documents you'll find in /usr/share/doc on 11.00, 11.11, and 10.20: 11.00 ===== 11.00RelNotes Release Notes for HP-UX 11.0, 3rd Edition - '98 NTP_Primer.txt Network Time Protocol on HP-UX RelNotesNFS_TCP.txt Release Notes for NFS over TCP Enablement Functionality - 02/00 RelNotes_newftp.txt Release Notes for ftp - 06/98 bind496.txt BIND 4.9.6 Features : Summary Information - 10/97 boot.txt HP-UX 10.x (and 11.x) System Boot and Startup White Paper - 04/96 configure.txt(ps) HP-UX 10.X (and 11.x) CONFIGURATION/STARTUP FILES doc_map.txt(ps) HP-UX 10.x (and 11.x) Documentation Map (06/97) euro_howto.txt How to Setup Euro Enablement for the First Time euro_relnotes.txt Release Notes for Euro-Software Patch file_sys.txt(ps) HP-UX 10.x (and 11.x) File System Layout White Paper - 04/95 iconv.txt HP-UX 10.x (and 11.x) Iconv Customization lg_files.txt(ps) HP-UX Large Files White Paper, v1.4 - '97 libc_y2k.txt Programming For the Year 2000: HP-UX Standard C Libraries White Paper, v1.9 - 02/97 links.txt(ps) HP-UX 10.X (and 11.x) Start/Kill Sequence Numbers - 05/96 mem_mgt.txt(ps) HP-UX Memory Management White Paper, v1.3 - 04/97 mem_wndws.txt 11.0 Memory Windows White Paper mp.txt(ps) HP-UX MultiProcessing White Paper, v1.3 - 04/97 nls_locale.txt Locale Methods Customization pamized_rcom_readme.txt PAMized rexecd and remshd panics.txt HP-UX 11.0 System Panics White Paper, 3rd edition - 09/97 partner_info.txt HP-UX 10.X (and 11.x) Startup and Configuration Developer Check List patch_pgrm.txt [1] HP-UX 10.X Patch Program White Paper, 4th edition - 06/97 proc_mgt.txt(ps) HP-UX Process Management White Paper, v1.3 - 04/97 sendmail8-8_delta.txt What's New in HP-UX sendmail-8.8.6? sendmail8-9_delta.txt What's New In HP-UX Sendmail 8.9.3? sendmail8-9_release.txt HP-UX Sendmail 8.9.3 Release Notes - 09/99 sequence.txt(ps) HP-UX 10.X (and 11.x) Start/Kill Sequence Links - Order Paradigms start_up.txt(ps) HP-UX 10.X (and 11.x) Startup and Configuration sw_patches.txt HP-UX 11.0 Version B.11.00 Patch List - 09/97 sys_crash.txt HP-UX 11.x System Crash Dump 11dev.ps HP-UX 11.00 Software Developer's Guide - 10/16/97 64bit_driver_migration.ps How to Write a 64-bit Clean IO Driver for HP-UX: A 32-bit to 64-bit I/O Driver Migration Guide - 12/06/96 V.4version.ps Steps to Version Your Shared Library (using V.4 Versioning) dev_apps.ps File Sharing and Other Helpful Facts for HP-UX 10.0 Software Developers, v1.0 - 09/29/94 iop.ps Application Interoperability White Paper, v1.0 - 09/05/97 ux95.ps Programming for UNIX 95 and HP-UX Binary Compatibility - 05/22/96 NOTES: [1] Patch PHCO_22044 will upgrade this paper to the current version: patch_pgrm.txt (1) HP-UX 11.X Patch Program White Paper, 2nd edition - 04/98 In 11.11, HP has removed most of the whitepapers from /usr/share/doc/ and recommends viewing up-to-date versions of the documents on <http://docs.hp.com/> instead. Nonetheless, there are still a number of useful documents in /usr/share/doc/: files that are new in 11.11 =========================== README HP-UX 11i /usr/share/doc/README - 11/00 11iRelNotes.txt(html) HP-UX 11i Release Notes, 1st Edition - 12/00 11.00RelNotes Release Notes for HP-UX 11.0, 6th Edition - 10/97 11iSRB.txt A pointer to the HP ITRC (<http://us.itrc.hp.com/>) Previously, the 11.00SRB.Z (Software Release Bulletin) listed all known defects. This list is always changing, and there is no equivalent 11i version of 11.00SRB.Z. ASX-JPN Japanese System Environment (JSE) A.02.60 Release Notes ASX-JPN-E(S) same as above (Japanese) ASX-KOR Korean System Environment (KSE) A.02.60 Release Notes ASX-SCH Simplified Chinese System Environment (SSE) A.02.60 Release Notes ASX-TCH Traditional Chinese System Environment (TSE) A.02.60 Release Notes ASX-UTF8 Asian System Environment (ASE) Unicode Release Notes PAMKerberosRelNotes.pdf PAM Kerberos Release Notes, Edition 2 - 12/00 PRINT-ASE-NOTE Obsolescence announcement of printing options of Asian System Environments (ASEs) PRINTER-JPN-E(S) Printers supported by JSE (Japanese) SETNETLP_Guide-E(S) setnetlp(1M) Guide for JSE (Japanese) TechPrtServ/C/RelNotes Technical Print Service Release Notes TechPrtServ/C/tpsGuide.ps(pcl) Technical Print Service System Administrator's Guide, 1st Edition - 03/97 planning_SuperDome_configs.pdf Planning SuperDome Configurations, Edition 1 - 10/00 sw_patches.txt HP-UX 11i Version 1 Patch List - 09/00 files in 10.20, that are no longer included in 11.x ================================================== = 10.20RelNotes Release Notes for HP-UX 10.20, 4th Edition - 06/96 10.20SRB HP-UX 10.20 Software Release Bulletin (lists all known defects) RelNotesHWE.txt Release Notes for HP-UX 10.20 Hardware Extensions 2.0 (April 1998) 10.20HWE1.1_RelNotes HP-UX 10.20 Hardware Extensions 1.1 Release Notes - 02/98 Extension_Software/xx/XSW[78]00GR1020.readme HP-UX 10.20 Extension Software Release xx README NFS.ps Installing and Administering NFS Services, HP 9000 Networking - 02/98 NFSD_Concepts_Admin.ps NFS Diskless Concepts and Administration White Paper - '94 NFS_Client_Server.ps NFS Client/Server Configuration Topology and Performance Tuning Guide White Paper, Rev. 1.1 - 08/29/95 bog.txt(ps).Z Name Server Operations Guide for BIND Release 4.9.5 dev_apps.ps File Sharing & Other Helpful Facts for HP-UX 10.0 Software Developers, v1.0 - '94 patch_pgrm.txt HP-UX 10.0 Patch Program White Paper, 3rd Edition - 09/95 rfc1034.Z RFC 1034: DOMAIN NAMES - CONCEPTS & FACILITIES - 11/87 rfc1035.Z RFC 1035: DOMAIN NAMES - IMPLEMENTATION & SPECIFICATION - 11/87 rfc1535.Z RFC 1535: A Security Problem and Proposed Correction With Widely Deployed DNS Software - 10/93 sendmail8-7_manual.ps(pcl) Installing and Administering sendmail 8.7 sw_patches.txt HP-UX 10.20 Patch List - 06/96 ------------------------------ Subject: 4.8 Conferences and Workshops ------------------------------ Subject: 4.8.1 HP World Conference & Expo Updated: 11/12/06 The HP World conference is no longer held, since Interex shut down in 2005. See <http://3000newswire.blogs.com/3000_newswire/2005/07/interex_closes_.html>. ------------------------------ Subject: 4.8.2 HP/Works Technical Workshops Updated: 04/02/01 HP/Works holds technical workshops throughout the year. For a schedule of past and upcoming events, visit: o <http://www.hpworks.org.uk/events/> ------------------------------ Subject: 4.9 Courses on HP-UX ------------------------------ Subject: 4.9.1 Courses offered by HP Updated: 04/02/01 HP offers many courses related to HP-UX. For details, visit the following web sites: o <http://www.hp.com/education/> o <http://education.itresourcecenter.hp.com/> ------------------------------ Subject: 4.10 Organizations ------------------------------ Subject: 4.10.1 Organizations within the U.S. ------------------------------ Subject: 4.10.1.1 Interex, The International Association of Hewlett-Packard Computing Professionals Updated: 04/02/01 The Independent Association of Hewlett-Packard Computing Professionals, known as Interex, has a worldwide membership of more than 18,000. It is a not-for-profit, 20 year old organization. Interex has a monthly publication called "HP World", as well as a detailed technical publication called "hp-ux/usr". Interex sponsors the HP World and InterWorks conferences. For detailed information about Interex, including how to become a member, see the web site at: o <http://www.hp-interex.org/> ------------------------------ Subject: 4.10.1.2 InterWorks Updated: 04/03/01 InterWorks, formerly the Apollo Domain User's Society (ADUS), was originally formed to provide a users group specifically for HP workstation users. Over the course of the past few years the organization has been merged into Interex (see question 4.10.1.1 for more about Interex). Despite InterWorks having been absorbed into Interex, the InterWorks anonymous FTP site _is_ still up and running: o <ftp://interworks.org/pub/comp.hp/> See Item 4.13 for a more detailed description of this site's content. ------------------------------ Subject: 4.10.2 Organizations outside the U.S. ------------------------------ Subject: 4.10.2.1 Interex Netherlands HP User Group (AKA DutchWorks) Updated: 03/26/01 The Interex Netherlands HP User Group, also known as DutchWorks, was formed to provide a users group for technical users. It represents technical HP users of HP9000 Workstations and Servers, Instrument Controllers (RTE, HP-RT, RM BASIC, etc.), and Vectra PC's. The group has a BBS which maintains a library of HP-UX, DOMAIN, RTE and BASIC software. The URL for the DutchWorks website is <http://www.interex.nl/>. Membership details are available from: Hans Hartwijk, Weidezoom 11, 2742 EX Waddinxveen The Netherlands 31 (0)1828 15086 or by e-mail to <mailto:[email protected]> (Jaap Kooman, chair DutchWorks) DutchWorks also sponsors the HP-UX Administrators Mailing List (hpux-admin) mailing list. Subject 4.20 of this FAQ contains information on this mailing list. ------------------------------ Subject: 4.10.2.2 HP/Works Updated: 04/02/01 HP/Works is the HP Technical Computing User Group, based in the UK. It is an independent group, supporting all users of HP and Apollo computer systems - running the HP-UX, DOMAIN, Linux or NT operating systems - throughout Europe. Also supported are those who use HP products, such as OpenView. For further information, visit the HP/Works web site: o <http://www.hpworks.org.uk/> ------------------------------ Subject: 4.10.2.3 Japanese HP Computer Users Association Updated: 05/18/04 As of March 31, 2002, the CUA is no longer operational. ------------------------------ Subject: 4.11 Third-Party Vendors ------------------------------ Subject: 4.11.1 Hewlett-Packard Vendor Listing Added: 03/24/01 There is an extensive listing of third-party HP vendors that is maintained by volunteers and updated on a regular basis: o <http://www.triolet.com/HPVend/hpvend.html> ------------------------------ Subject: 5. SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION ------------------------------ Subject: 5.1 Auditing and Security ------------------------------ Subject: 5.1.1 How do group privileges work? Updated: 07/11/01 HP-UX 9.0 and later allows special attributes to be associated with groups, which allows some superuser-like capabilities to be controlled by defining which groups they are accessible from. In this way it becomes possible to distribute superuser accessible commands to other users without allowing them full access to all other superuser capabilities. Implicitly, the super-user is a member of ALL groups. This allows some (slight) relaxing of UNIX's 'all or nothing' approach to distributing privileged capabilities. Privileged groups are an HP-UX- specific feature. Here is a list of group privileges available in various releases of HP-UX, along with a brief description of the system capabilities that they control: 9.0 and later ============= o PRIV_RTPRIO - can use rtprio() to set real-time priorities (see rtprio(1) and rtprio(2)) o PRIV_MLOCK - can use plock() to lock process text and data into memory, and the shmctl() SHM_LOCK function to lock shared memory segments (see plock(2) and shmctl(2)) o PRIV_CHOWN - can use chown() to change file ownerships (see chown(1) and chown(2)) o PRIV_LOCKRDONLY - can use lockf() to set locks on files that are open for reading only (see lockf(2)) o PRIV_SETRUGID - can use setuid() and setgid() to change, respectively, the real user ID and real group ID of a process (see setuid(2) and setgid(2)) 10.0 and later ============== o PRIV_MPCTL - can use mpctl() to change the processor assignment, locality domain assignment, or launch policy of another process (see mpctl(2)) o PRIV_RTSCHED - can use sched_setparam() and sched_setscheduler() to set POSIX.4 real-time priorities (see rtsched(1) and rtsched(2)) o PRIV_SERIALIZE - can use serialize() to force the target process to run serially with other processes that are also marked by this system call (see serialize(1), serialize(2)) 11.0 and later ============== o PRIV_SPUCTL - can use spuctl() (undocumented) to control SPU allocation (see /usr/include/sys/spuctl.h) 11i and later ============= o PRIV_FSSTHREAD - can use fss() (undocumented) to control fair share scheduler (see /usr/include/sys/fss.h) o PRIV_PSET - can use pset_*() (undocumented) to control processor set (see /usr/include/sys/pset.h) Group privileges can be granted to individual groups, or globally (ie - to all groups, and hence, all users). Although this doesn't appear to be covered by any HP documentation, it appears that users are assigned the group privileges associated with their primary group ID, and of all secondary groups defined within file /etc/logingroup. By default, the setprivgrp command changes are no longer effective once you reboot your system. However, you can execute the command '/sbin/init.d/set_prvgrp start' to ensure that the privilege group changes are permanent. /sbin/init.d/set_prvgrp runs '/usr/sbin/setprivgrp -f /etc/privgroup'. The /etc/privgrp file should contain one or more lines in the following format: groupname [privileges] -g [privileges] -n [privileges] Each line in privgrp must end with a newline character. The syntax for 'groupname' and 'privileges' is described in the "Options and Arguments" section of setprivgrp(1M). If the /etc/privgrp is not found when the system boots, the PRIV_CHOWN privilege is automatically enabled globally (as if '-g CHOWN' was specified). Furthermore, by default, /etc/privgrp does NOT exist. The group privilege feature is often used to secure the chown command, which has the potential to be misused. The chown command may be used to change the owner ID of a file (or files) to another specified owner. As mentioned above, by default, PRIV_CHOWN is granted globally. Hence, the chown command may be used by any user to assign ownership of their own files to any other user, including root. For example, HP-UX's disk-space accounting facility may be used to report the total disk usage of all users. It's possible for users to conceal their total disk usage by using the chown command to assign the ownership of their own files to other users. On BSD-derived UNIX implementations, chown usage is limited to super- users only. By removing the global group privilege PRIV_CHOWN using the setprivgrp command, it's also possible to close this loophole on HP-UX, by limiting usage of the chown command to users who are members of specified groups only. This can be achieved as follows: # echo "-n CHOWN" >>/etc/privgrp # /sbin/init.d/set_prvgrp start HP-UX documentation recommends that you not rely on the privileged group mechanism to restrict access to the setuid and setgid system calls. They do not guarantee that group privileges will be supported by future releases of HP-UX. For more information, see getprivgrp(1), setprivgrp(1M), getprivgrp(2), setprivgrp(2), and privgrp(4). ------------------------------ Subject: 5.1.2 Why are mail files in /var/mail owned by 'daemon' instead of the recipient? The mail delivery agent /bin/rmail needs to be able to chown(2) these files. It can not do so if you have removed the privilege CHOWN (see setprivgrp(1m); removing CHOWN is recommended to prevent cheating on disk quotas). To get around this, noting that /bin/rmail runs setgid to group mail, you can grant privilege CHOWN to group mail only by inserting the line "mail CHOWN" in /etc/privgroup. The change takes effect on the next reboot, or immediately if you execute the command "setprivgrp -f /etc/privgroup". ------------------------------ Subject: 5.1.3 How can I restrict regular users from logging in at the console? Added: 04/02/01 For a terminal console ====================== If the /etc/securetty file is present, login security is in effect. User root is only allowed to log in successfully on the ttys listed in this file. Restricted ttys are listed by device name, one per line. Valid tty names are dependent on the installation. So to restrict root logins to only the console: # echo console >/etc/securetty The use of /etc/securetty is documented in login(1). For a CDE console ================= Create a file named 'nologin' in /etc/: # >/etc/nologin Then add something like this to your /etc/dt/config/Xstartup file: if pwget -n "$USER" | awk -F: '{exit !($3 == 0)}'; then if [ -f /etc/nologin ] || \ grep '^console$' /etc/securetty >/dev/null 2>&1; then echo "[$(date)] non-root login attempt from CDE console -" \ "access denied" >>/var/adm/console_login_attempts_log exit 1 fi fi See dtlogin(1) for a detailed description of the Xstartup file. ------------------------------ Subject: 5.1.4 How can I disable non-root logins? Add the following to /etc/profile, then 'touch /etc/nologin'; this will disable all new logins, except by root: uid=`id -u` if [ -f /etc/nologin -a $uid -ne 0 ]; then echo "Sorry, no logins allowed; try later!" sleep 5 exit 0 fi ------------------------------ Subject: 5.1.5 Where can I find a list of all patches corresponding to security advisories? Updated: 11/13/01 If you are running 11.x, HP provides a free utility called security_patch_check that will report any security patches that are missing from your system. To download this utility, go to: o <http://software.hp.com/cgi-bin/swdepot_parser.cgi/cgi/displayProductInfo.pl?productNumber=B6834AA> The security patch check tool requires that Perl 5.005 or higher, as well as several Perl modules, be installed on the system that is being checked. An HP-UX depot containing all of the required dependencies is available at: o <http://www.software.hp.com/cgi-bin/swdepot_parser.cgi/cgi/displayProductInfo.pl?productNumber=PERL> security_patch_check is only able to analyze patches. Some HP Security Bulletins contain manual actions which cannot be analyzed in an automated fashion. An archive of all previously released HP security bulletins is available at: o <http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/hp/> ------------------------------ Subject: 5.1.6 How can I protect my systems against SATAN? Added: 04/17/01 Read CIAC Information Bulletin F-19 ("Protecting HP-UX Systems Against SATAN") at: o <http://ciac.llnl.gov/ciac/bulletins/f-19.shtml> NOTE: This whitepaper was written in '95, so some of the information contained in it may no longer apply. To find out more about SATAN, visit SATAN's homepage: o <http://www.porcupine.org/satan/> Also, for those less inclined toward evil, check out the SAINT homepage: o <http://www.saintcorporation.com/products/saint_engine.html> ------------------------------ Subject: 5.1.7 What are the major differences between trusted and non-trusted systems? Added: 05/15/01 1. A trusted system allows system auditing to be turned on. System auditing enables the ability to trace every system call issued by each user on the system. Non-trusted systems run with system auditing disabled. 2. Trusted systems have improved password management. Below is a list of password management features: a. Specification of a grace period and expiration period for passwords. b. The ability to specify system-wide password aging. c. The ability to specify an absolute account life. d. The ability to disable accounts after repeated login failures. e. Passwords lengths of up to forty (40) characters. f. The ability to access a random password generator. 3. Trusted systems have additional login restrictions, while non-trusted systems do not. Below are the features of trusted system login restrictions: a. In addition to account disabling, the account may also be locked. b. Setting accounts to be accessed only at certain times of the day. c. The ability to specify account location access. In other words, account access at specific devices, workstations, and so on. d. The ability to specify a single-user boot password. Note: These login restrictions are NOT available on NON-TRUSTED systems. 4. A trusted system has shadowed passwords, while a non-trusted system does not have shadowed passwords. Shadowed passwords are kept in locations other than /etc/passwd. This prevents users from viewing the /etc/passwd file and determining which accounts do not have passwords. This also prevents hackers from running "password cracker programs" against passwords in the /etc/passwd file. For more information, please refer to the following document: "Administering Your HP-UX Trusted System" The document is located at the following web site: o <http://docs.hp.com/en/B2355-90121/> Locate the "Description of the HP-UX Trusted System" section in the left menu. The following two pages contain more information: o What is a Trusted System? o What is C2-Level Trusted Mode? ------------------------------ Subject: 5.1.8 How can I configure things like minimum password length, password history, and maximum simultaneous logins? Updated: 05/18/04 These settings, along with several others, can be configured via the security defaults configuration file /etc/default/security. The 'security' file was introduced, undocumented, by patches to 11.00, the latest iterations being: o PHCO_16127 (su(1) cumulative patch) o PHCO_24083 (login(1) cumulative patch) o PHCO_24390 (libpam and libpam_unix cumulative patch) The functionality added by these patches is included in 11i. It is also fully documented via the security(4) manpage, available online at: o <http://docs.hp.com/en/B2355-60103/security.4.html> The following summarizes in which release each of the 'security' settings were introduced: o ABORT_LOGIN_ON_MISSING_HOMEDIR (introduced in 11.00 via PHCO_24083) o BOOT_AUTH (introduced in 11.23) o BOOT_USERS (introduced in 11.23) o MIN_PASSWORD_LENGTH (introduced in 11.00 via PHCO_24390) o NOLOGIN (introduced in 11.00 via PHCO_24083) o NUMBER_OF_LOGINS_ALLOWED (introduced in 11.00 via PHCO_24083) o PASSWORD_HISTORY_DEPTH (introduced in 11.00 via PHCO_24390) o PASSWORD_MAXDAYS (introduced in 11.22) o PASSWORD_MINDAYS (introduced in 11.22) o PASSWORD_MIN_<type>_CHARS (introduced in 11.23) o PASSWORD_WARNDAYS (introduced in 11.22) o SU_DEFAULT_PATH (introduced in 11.11) o SU_KEEP_ENV_VARS (introduced in 11.23) o SU_ROOT_GROUP (introduced in 11.00 via PHCO_16127) o UMASK (introduced in 11.22) ------------------------------ Subject: 5.1.9 What is the sticky bit's purpose? Added: 08/23/01 A 't' or 'T' as the last character of the "ls -l" mode characters indicates that the "sticky" (save text image) bit is set. See ls(1) for an explanation the distinction between 't' and 'T'. The sticky bit has a different meaning, depending on the type of file it is set on... sticky bit on directories ========================= [From chmod(2)] If the mode bit S_ISVTX (sticky bit) is set on a directory, files inside the directory may be renamed or removed only by the owner of the file, the owner of the directory, or the superuser (even if the modes of the directory would otherwise allow such an operation). [Example] drwxrwxrwt 104 bin bin 14336 Jun 7 00:59 /tmp sticky bit on regular files =========================== [From chmod(2)] If an executable file is prepared for sharing, mode bit S_ISVTX prevents the system from abandoning the swap-space image of the program-text portion of the file when its last user terminates. Then, when the next user of the file executes it, the text need not be read from the file system but can simply be swapped in, thus saving time. [From HP-UX Kernel Tuning and Performance Guide] Local paging. When applications are located remotely, set the "sticky bit" on the applications binaries, using the chmod +t command. This tells the system to page the text to the local disk. Otherwise, it is "retrieved" across the network. Of course, this would only apply when there is actual paging occurring. More recently, there is a kernel parameter, page_text_to_local, which when set to 1, will tell the kernel to page all NFS executable text pages to local swap space. [Example] -r-xr-xr-t 6 bin bin 244444444111111111664 Nov 14 2000 /usr/bin/vi sticky bit on symlinks ====================== In HP-UX 10.0 and later, a symbolic link that has its sticky bit set is called a transition link (i.e. links to ease the transition to the new SVR4 filesystem layout). Transition links are a bit faster, because the linked-to filename is stored in the inode itself, instead of using an allocation unit to store the link. For more info on the purpose for transition links, see the tlinstall(update_aid) manpage. In order to set the sticky bit on a symlink, one must use the undocumented lchmod system call (i.e. lchmod("/bin", 041777)). [Example] lr-xr-xr-t 1 root sys 8 Jun 7 01:00 /bin -> /usr/bin ------------------------------ 5.1.10 Does HP-UX have a /dev/random, /dev/urandom, or similar device? Updated: 09/12/03 Yes, at least for 11.11. The Strong Random Number Generator provides a secure, non-reproducible source of true random numbers for applications with strong security requirements, such as for generating encryption keys. The /dev/random and /dev/urandom files created by this product allow the read(2) system call to retrieve strong random binary sequences of up to 256 bytes. This interface is compatible with that provided by the Linux /dev/random and /dev/urandom special files. The Strong RNG can be downloaded for free from: o http://software.hp.com/cgi-bin/swdepot_parser.cgi/cgi/displayProductInfo.pl?productNumber=KRNG11I A technical white paper on the Strong RNG is available at: o http://newfdawg.com/SSHpart5.htm There are a few alternatives for other versions of HP-UX... For limited purposes, one can always use the POSIX shell's $RANDOM to receive a random integer between 0 and 32768. Another option is a daemon from Lutz Jaenicke that can act as a replacement for a true random device: o <http://www.aet.tu-cottbus.de/personen/jaenicke/postfix_tls/prngd.html> Additionally, there is a hardware crypto accelerator card that also has it's own random device. At least through the bundled APIs, this device should be usable by applications. HP order numbers are as follows: o Praesidium Public Key Cryptography (PKC) Accelerator Card HSC Format for K Class - A5484A o Praesidium Public Key Cryptography (PKC) Accelerator Card HSC Format for D and R Class - A5485A o Praesidium Public Key Cryptography (PKC) Accelerator Card PCI Format for K Class - A5486A This card purchase is subject to U.S. munitions laws. The card is is available for shipment in the U.S. and Canada. Application for restricted worldwide shipment pending with the U.S. government. The card is a Rainbow Swift, manufactured by Rainbow Technologies (<http://www.rainbow.com/products/cryptoswift/>), aka IVEA, which also has a UK subsidiary. ------------------------------ Subject: 5.1.11 How can I protect my system from viruses? Added: 09/20/01 There are several antivirus products available: o Sophos Anti-Virus for Unix Info: <http://www.sophos.com/products/software/antivirus/savunix.html> o InterScan VirusWall Info: <http://www.trendmicro.com/en/products/gateway/isvw/evaluate/overview.htm> Download 30-day Trial: <http://www.trendmicro.com/download/product.asp?productid=13> o McAfee VirusScan o CyberSoft VFind Security Toolkit Info: <http://www.cybersoft.com/products/vfind.shtml> ------------------------------ Subject: 5.1.12 What information is available on configuring HP-UX for maximum security? Updated: 07/17/03 Kevin Steves has written a couple excellent whitepapers on building HP-UX bastion hosts: An 11.x version of the paper is available in both HTML and PDF formats: o <http://www.itrc.hp.com/service/cki/docDisplay.do?docLocale=en_US&docId=20000006625882 8> (ITRC login required) o <http://secinf.net/unix_security/Building_a_Bastion_Host_Using_HPUX_11.html> There is also a 10.x version of the paper. However, it doesn't seem to be available on the Web anymore. There is also a paper from HP titled "Network Security Features of HP-UX HP-UX 11i v1 and 11i v2": o http://docs.hp.com/en/5990-7245/5990-7245.pdf ------------------------------ Subject: 5.1.13 Does HP-UX support /etc/shadow like Solaris and Linux? Added: 01/22/03 The shadow functionality is available as of 11i v1.6 (11.22). For more information, see: o <http://www.docs.hp.com/hpux/onlinedocs/5187-0701/00/00/82-con.html#shadowpasswords> ------------------------------ Subject: 5.2 Backup and Recovery ------------------------------ Subject: 5.2.1 Can I put more than one backup on DDS with fbackup? No. fbackup always rewinds the tape. Possible alternatives: (1) Stick with dump/cpio/tar/pax. (2) Use a pipe: instead of telling fbackup where the DAT is, let it send its output to stdout (-f -) and pipe it to the DAT, using Berkeley no-rewind device and dd with a suitable block size (e.g., 10K). You'll lose fast-search and resync-after-error functionality, though. Also, the complexities of managing multiple archives per tape make this a high-risk proposition. (3) Use NFS[R] and mount the disks of the machine without DAT to the other and back them both up there. You'll have to mount 'em with root permissions and restoring a completely destroyed root disk will be messy. (4) Scream at HP until they fix fbackup. :-) ------------------------------ Subject: 5.2.2 How can I use dump with a DDS tape? dump was written to assume 9-track tapes, so some fudging has to be done for DDS tapes. The following has the info you need along with several alternatives for dump parameters. Approximate capacity of 60m DDS tape = 1.3G bytes Approximate DDS tape density = (1.3G bytes) / (60 m) = (550K bytes/in) dump assumes an inter-record gap (IRG) of 0.3 in for density = 6250, 0.7 in otherwise. dump uses a default blocking factor of 10 for density < 6250, 32 otherwise. ================ density = 550000 blocking factor = 32 (default) assumed IRG = 0.7 in Block length = (32K bytes/block) / (550K bytes/in) + (0.7 in) = (0.76 in) Effective tape length = (1.3G bytes) / (32K bytes/block) * (0.76 in/block) = (2511 ft) ================ density = 6250 blocking factor = 32 (default) assumed IRG = 0.3 in Block length = (32K bytes/block) / (6250 bytes/in) + (0.3 in) = (5.54 in) Effective tape length = (1.3G bytes) / (32K bytes/block) * (5.54 in/block) = (18325 ft) =============== density = 1600 blocking factor = 10 (default) assumed IRG = 0.7 in Block length = (10K bytes/block) / (1600 bytes/in) + (0.7 in) = (7.10 in) Effective tape length = (1.3G bytes) / (10K bytes/block) * (7.10 in/block) = (75113 ft) =============== density = 1600 blocking factor = 32 assumed IRG = 0.7 in Block length = (32K bytes/block) / (1600 bytes/in) + (0.7 in) = (21.18 in) Effective tape length = (1.3G bytes) / (32K bytes/block) * (21.18 in/block) = (70022 ft) ------------------------------ Subject: 5.2.3 Why do cpio/tar/dump/pax all backup to tape painfully slowly? Added: 04/17/01 cpio/tar = VERY VERY OLD - never designed for DDS or DLT[TM] fbackup/ftio = designed for Gb backups and modern tape drives However, the default for fbackup is 1/2" magtapes, which almost no one uses anymore. ALWAYS use a config file for fbackup with at least these options: blocksperrecord 256 records 32 checkpointfreq 1024 readerprocesses 6 maxretries 5 retrylimit 5000000 maxvoluses 200 filesperfsm 2000 Check the manpage for fbackup for other parameters, including what to do when you run out of tape (the chgvol parameter). You need huge block sizes for modern tapes. Try ftio (block size limited only by hardware), pax (block sizes up to 32k), tar (which is 10k, by design) or cpio -B which changes from 512 to 5k (but still too small). cpio, tar, dump, pax and similar utils can NEVER backup large files and are single processes whereas fbackup can read from 6 different files at the same time. Note, the large record size (blocksperrecord), checkpointfreq, and filesperfsm also contribute to tape overhead. ------------------------------ Subject: 5.2.4 What CD burning software is available? Updated: 02/03/03 You can use Cdrecord (aka CdrTools), a freeware application, available at: o <http://cdrecord.berlios.de/old/private/cdrecord.html> Additonally, Cdrecord-ProDVD can be used to burn DVDs; see: o <ftp://ftp.berlios.de/pub/cdrecord/ProDVD/> There are numerous X GUI frontends for CDrecord. One of the most popular is X-CD-Roast, available at: o <http://www.xcdroast.org/xcdr098/rpms-a8.html#hpux> ------------------------------ Subject: 5.3 Disks and Filesystems ------------------------------ Subject: 5.3.1 How can I enable long file names? Updated: 04/02/01 HP-UX 10.00 or later creates HFS filesystems with long file names (up to 255 characters) enabled by default, and all VxFS filesystems support long file names. To change pre-10.0 HFS filesystems to support long filenames, run the /etc/convertfs program (see convertfs(1M)). Note that will NOT be able to switch back. Here's how to check if an existing HFS filesystem has long filenames enabled: # tunefs -v /dev/rdsk/XXX | grep magic magic 95014 clean FS_OK time Tue Mar 23 14:13:01 1993 \__ if = 95014 then long filenames \__ if = 11954 then short filenames You can also look at this on a per directory basis with the POSIX command getconf: $ getconf NAME_MAX directory where 'directory' is the path to the directory. ------------------------------ Subject: 5.3.2 Is it possible to create a RAM disk? Updated: 11/06/06 Yes, HP-UX 9.00 and later include a RAM disk driver. The driver is NOT officially supported by HP for customer use. Comments in the header file "/usr/conf/sio/ram.h" describe how to add RAM disk support to the kernel, as well as how to create a RAM disk. Here are several reasons why using RAM disks is RISKY business: 1. As stated above, RAM disks are unsupported by HP. 2. It is unclear (to me anyway) how "locking" down memory interacts with normal memory management, including pageouts and memory pseudo-swap. The comments in /usr/conf/sio/ram.h says say: "Depending on the availability of memory, allocating large amounts of memory for RAM disk volumes may cause system failures (panics or hangs)." 3. RAM disks can waste memory space. The "usable" yield of disk space from memory allocated may be less than 100%. (1 GB of real memory may yield less than 1 GB on "disk space".) 4. RAM disks aren't saved over a reboot, and require special action to do so. 5. You must write a C program to delete them from a running system. Here are the basic steps make a 128 MB RAM disk on HP-UX 10.x/11.x: 1. Modify your kernel to include the RAM disk driver: # cd /stand/build # /usr/lbin/sysadm/system_prep -v -s system # kmsystem -c y -S system ram # mk_kernel -s system # mv ../system ../system.prev # cp ../vmunix ../vmunix.prev # mv system .. # mv vmunix_test ../vmunix # cd / # shutdown -r Note: "ramdisc" is an alias for "ram" that is also recognized. 2. Set up the device files and mount the RAM disk filesystem: # mknod /dev/rram1 c 9 0x008001 # mknod /dev/ram1 b 9 0x008001 # newfs -F hfs /dev/rram1 # mkdir -p /ramdisk # mount /dev/ram1 /ramdisk Another way =========== There is a better, but not free, way to _simulate_ a RAM disk under HP-UX 10.20 or later... You must first purchase and install the optional OnlineJFS product, the advanced bundle for the VxFS file system. This enables a number of extra mount options for VxFS filesystems. To configure a VxFS filesystem so that most buffer cache flushes are prevented, specify the following options when mounting the filesystem: "tmplog,mincache=tmpcache,convosync=delay" The first two options can be configured with sam, but the convosync option must be edited into /etc/fstab by hand. A description and pricing info for the OnlineJFS product is available at <http://software.hp.com/> (just search for "onlinejfs"). A third way =========== AppMate Performance Software sells a software product for HP-UX called RamDisc Plus. For more information see their web site: o <http://www.ramdisc.com/ramdsk.html> ------------------------------ Subject: 5.3.3 What happened to DUX and context dependent files (CDFs)? Added: 03/29/01 As of HP-UX 10.01, DUX (HP Diskless Clusters) has been fully replaced by NFS. These DUX-specific commands do not exist on HP-UX 10.01 and later: cnodes(1) cps(1) getcontext(1) makecdf(1M) showcdf(1) These DUX-specific options to commands do not exist on HP-UX 10.01 and later: chmod -H find -hidden -type H ls -H find -nodevcid find -devcid cname last -c pwd -H users -c who -c bdf -L df -L sync -l ftio -H pax -H -m -o -p -t device tar -H These DUX-specific library routines (including context dependent files) are obsolete as of HP-UX 10.01: endccent getcccid getcdf nftwh fgetccent getccent gethcwd setccent ftwh getccnam hidecdf cnodeid cnodes getcontext These additional DUX features were obsoleted in HP-UX 10.01: o Distributed named pipes across a cluster in diskless environments. o The DUX concept of global PIDs across a cluster. Temporary name-space collision should be avoided by each diskless client having private /tmp areas. o Using /tmp as a shared depository between diskless clients, such as an application using a lib routine to create unique tmp_file names. ------------------------------ Subject: 5.3.4 Why can't I use all of my swap space? Updated: 04/08/01 The default value of the kernel parameter "maxswapchunks" limits the swap accessible by the kernel to 537 MB. If you want to configure more swap space than that, you need to increase maxswapchunks. More information on maxswapchunks can be found online (see section 5.5.3). ------------------------------ Subject: 5.3.5 How can I determine which disk is the boot disk? Updated: 01/03/02 There are at least two ways to do this: o Use "lvlnboot -v" (must be root); this command also reports additional information on volume groups and logical volumes: # lvlnboot -v `vgdisplay | grep "VG Name" | awk '{print $3}'` ... /dev/dsk/c0t5d0 (8/4.5.0) -- Boot Disk ... o Use setboot. This command also reports the alternate bootpath, as well as whether Autoboot and Autosearch are enabled. However, it does not print the disk device names as lvlnboot does. $ setboot Primary bootpath : 8/4.5.0 Alternate bootpath : 8/4.10.0 Autoboot is ON (enabled) Autosearch is OFF (disabled) To determine which disk the currently running kernel was booted from, use adb as follows (must be root): # KERNEL=/stand/vmunix # set this var to the currently running kernel # echo 'boot_string/S' | adb $KERNEL /dev/mem | grep / boot_string: disc(8/4.5.0;0)/stand/vmunix On 11.x, the path of the currently running kernel can be obtained using the kmpath command (see subject 8.2.4). ------------------------------ Subject: 5.3.6 Why does pfs_mount fail with the message 'Not Owner' when I try to use it? Updated: 03/28/01 This is a common problem. You (root) are probably in more than 8 groups. Run groups(1) to check. There are two work-arounds to the problem: + Apply the latest PFS patch: o 10.20: PHCO_15453 o 11.00: PHCO_16438 + Temporarily remove root from enough groups to bring it under the limit: o Backup /etc/group. o Edit /etc/group so that root is in 8 or fewer groups. o After running pfs_mount, restore the original version of /etc/group. ------------------------------ Subject: 5.3.7 What's new with remote mounts and the automounter? HP-UX 10.00 and later ships with an automounter running with a -hosts option, so it's easy to just say "/net/hostname/directory/...", and the automounter will do the rest. If you like, you can put symbolic links in to make things easier, for example: /x1 -> /net/x1/x1 /usr/valid -> /net/x1/valid While this is convenient and easy to do, using explicit automount maps (ex: /home/username) is usually a better idea in terms of keeping things "tight" and maintaining server/disk independance. ------------------------------ Subject: 5.3.8 Why are CDROM filenames all UPPERCASE with ;1 attached? Updated: 11/20/02 CD-ROMs are generally formatted using a filesystem called ISO-9660 (aka ECMA-119), which is an update of an earlier specification called High Sierra. There are very minor differences between the two, and HP-UX supports them both. The user doesn't have to know which is which, although nobody's actually produced a High Sierra CD-ROM in many years. ISO-9660 "file identifiers" consist of a filename, a dot, an extension, a semicolon, and a version number from 1 to 32767. The standard specifies three levels of "interchange", the strictest of which limits filenames to 8 characters, extensions to 3 characters, and the characters can be only upper-case letters, digits and underscores. The reason why the letters are all uppercase is because most CD-ROMs are encoded to the strictest interchange level. To get rid of the semicolon and version number, and to force the filenames to lower case, mount the file system with the "cdcase" option (see mount_cdfs(1M)). There is a widely used extension of ISO-9660 called "Rock Ridge" which adds enough file system metadata to support full POSIX file system semantics. Rock Ridge filenames are formatted similarly to ISO-9660 file identifiers -- all UPPERCASE with ;1 version numbers. Currently, 11.0 supports Rock Ridge via a patch. Other versions of HP-UX do not support Rock Ridge, except through PFS. Rock Ridge support has recently been provided for 11.x via patches: o 11.00: PHKL_21586 o 11.11: (patch recalled due to defect) The Portable FileSystem (PFS) was originally developed by Young Minds, Inc. It was originally only available as a demo package, but it was eventually bundled with HP-UX, starting with release 10.10. PFS supports the following CD-ROM formats: ISO-9660, Rock Ridge, and High Sierra. As explained above, the HP-UX mount command currently only supports ISO-9660 and High Sierra. You must have network loopback, and networking in general, configured before running PFS on HP-UX. The command 'netstat -rn' shows the network routing tables; the entry 'lo0' is for the loopback interface. To enable network loopback (if it is not already enabled), add the line: LOOPBACK_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1 to the file /etc/rc.config.d/netconf. PFS is RPC-based and offers the some features that NFS provides, which means that a CD-ROM can be exported over your network without going through NFS. However, PFS does require that the nfs.core and nfs.client subsystems are both running. To start these, make sure NFS_CLIENT=1 in /etc/rc.config.d/nfsconf then run: # /sbin/init.d/nfs.core start # /sbin/init.d/nfs.client start Note, using these init scripts to start NFS will ensure that rpcbind, which PFS relies on, is also started. NOTE: On 10.20 or 11.00, you must install a patch prior to running PFS, or you might not be able to eject the CD-ROM after unmounting it. This problem is fixed in 11i. The patches are: o 10.20: PHCO_15453 o 11.00: PHCO_16438 All Oracle[R] installation CDROM's are RockRidge-formatted, and so must be mounted via PFS. To use PFS to mount a RockRidge CDROM: 1) Make sure the directory containing the PFS utilities (/usr/sbin) is in your PATH. 2) Edit (or create) the /etc/pfs_fstab file to contain a line like this: <device> <mount_dir> pfs-rrip xlat=rrip 0 0 Where: <device> is the path to your CD-ROM reader (e.g. /dev/dsk/c1t2d0) <mount_dir> is the path to an *existing* directory where the CD-ROM will be mounted (e.g. /rr_cdrom) 3) Run the following commands: # nohup pfs_mountd & # nohup pfsd 4 & Alternatively, these daemons can be started from an rc script; see question 5.3.9. 4) Mount the drive with the command: pfs_mount <device> | <mount_dir> Or unmount it with: pfs_umount <device> | <mount_dir> Where <device> and <mount_dir> are the same as in 2). The CD-ROM should be now readable with long and mixed-case filenames. For HP-UX 10.01 and earlier, you can install a patch: o 10.01 s700: PHKL_23512 o 10.01 s800: PHKL_23513 o 10.00 s700: PHKL_6076 o 10.00 s800: PHKL_6077 These add a modification to the CDFS code which can translate all mounted CDROMs (not selectively) to accomplish the same task. This patch adds no additional filesystem support, such as POSIX or the RockRidge Extensions. On 10.20 and later systems, for ISO-9660 CDs that contain all-uppercase 8.3 filenames (ie - MS-Windows CDs), it is not necessary to use PFS. Instead use the mount command's "-o cdcase" opt |